Zipkin Lab Code Archive
Note: this website is a living document. Projects will be added once the associated repos are complete (or near complete).
For projects in development, consult our Github organization and the lead
author's profile. You can watch our progress on the website
from this repo. For code developed by Zipkin lab members
for outside collaborations, contact that study's lead author.

Data integration models
Population data are often collected by different sources, in different locations, or on different life stages. We are developing and applying novel techniques for integrating multiple data types to estimate the distribution, abundance, and dynamics of populations and predict future trajectories.
Farr_etal_2021_Ecol | Saunders_etal_2019_PNAS | Saunders_etal_2019_Ecol | Saunders_etal_2018_JAE | Zipkin_etal_2017_Ecol
Farr_etal_2021_Ecol
Integrating distance sampling and presence‐only data to estimate species abundance

Citation - Farr M.T., Green D.S., Holekamp K.E., and E.F. Zipkin (2021) Integrating distance sampling and presence‐only data to estimate species abundance. Ecology. DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3204
Abstract - We developed an integrated point process model to combine presence‐only and distance sampling data for estimation of spatially‐explicit abundance patterns. Simulations across a range of parameter values demonstrate that our model can recover estimates of biological covariates, but parameter accuracy and precision varied with the quantity of each data type. We applied our model to a case study of black‐backed jackals in the Masai Mara (Kenya) to evaluate the effects of environmental covariates and anthropogenic disturbance on abundance across the Reserve.
Code and Data - Link to repo
Saunders_etal_2019_PNAS
Multiscale seasonal factors drive the size of winter monarch colonies

Citation - Saunders S.P., Ries, L., Neupane, N., Ramirez, M.I., Garcia-Serrano, E., Rendon-Salinas, E., and Zipkin E.F. (2019) Multiscale seasonal factors drive the size of winter monarch colonies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805114116
Abstract - We used a multiscale modeling approach to address whether conditions during autumn migration contributed to the decline of the eastern monarch butterfly population from 2004-2015. Our results suggest that environmental factors during — and at the culmination of — autumn migration, combined with summer population size, explain a substantial portion of temporal variation in monarch population dynamics during a time frame after which other major putative sources of mortality (host plant and winter habitat loss) have lessened considerably.
Code and Data - Link to repo
Saunders_etal_2019_Ecology
Disentangling data discrepancies with integrated population models

Citation - Saunders S.P., Farr M.T., Wright, A.D., Bahlai, C.A., Ribeiro, J.W., Rossman, S., Sussman, A.L., Arnold, T.W., and Zipkin E.F. (2019) Disentangling data discrepancies with integrated population models. Ecology. DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2714
Abstract - We develop an integrated population model to address dataset discrepancies that stem from spatiotemporal variability. As a case study, we present an analysis of a migratory species, the American woodcock, in which individual monitoring programs suggest differing population trends. To address this discrepancy, we synthesized several long-term datasets within an integrated modeling framework to estimate population trends, and link dynamic drivers across the full annual cycle and geographic extent of the species.
Code and Data - Link to repo
Saunders_etal_2018_JAE
Evaluating population viability and efficacy of conservation management using integrated population models

Citation - Saunders S.P., Cuthbert F.J., and Zipkin E.F. (2018) Evaluating population viability and efficacy of conservation management using integrated population models. Journal of Applied Ecology. DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13080
Abstract - We developed a coupled integrated population model-Bayesian population viability analysis (IPM-BPVA) to assess the (i) impact of demographic rates (survival, fecundity, immigration) on past population dynamics; (ii) population viability 10 years into the future; and (iii) efficacy of possible management strategies for the federally endangered Great Lakes piping plover population.
Code and Data - Link to repo
Zipkin_etal_2017_Ecology
Integrating count and detection–nondetection data to model population dynamics

Citation - Zipkin E.F., Rossman S., Yackulic C.B., Wiens J.D., Thorson J.T., Davis R.J., and Grant E.H.C. (2017) Integrating count and detection–nondetection data to model population dynamics. Ecology. DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1831
Abstract - We present a modeling framework for integrating detection–nondetection and count data to estimate population dynamics and abundance. We develop a series of simulations illustrating the relative value of count vs. detection–nondetection data. We also provide an empirical example of the model combining long-term detection–nondetection data with newly collected count data from a population of barred owls in the Pacific Northwest to examine the factors influencing population abundance over time.
Code and Data - Link to repo
Unmarked population models
We develop models to estimate the abundance, distribution, and demographic rates of populations using unmarked data, or data types that do not track individuals. These efforts allow us to quantitatively evaluate important life history parameters with less sampling effort than is traditionally required with mark-recapture studies.
DiRenzo_etal_2019_EcolAndEvol | DiRenzo_etal_2018_EcoApps | Saunders_etal_2018_Ecog | Rossman_etal_2016_Ecol | Saunders_etal_2016_GEB | Zipkin_etal_2014_Ecol | Zipkin_etal_2014_EcolAndEvol
DiRenzo_etal_2019_EcolAndEvol
Disease structured N-Mixture models: a practical guide to model disease dynamics using count data
Citation - DiRenzo G.V., Che-Castaldo C., Saunders S.P., Grant E.H.C., and Zipkin E.F. (2019) Disease sturcutred N-Mixture models: a practical guide to model diesease dynamics using count data. Ecology and Evolution. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.48
Abstract - We review the challenges of modeling disease dynamics and describe how (disease-structured) N-mixture models can be used to estimate common metrics, including pathogen prevalence, transmission, and recovery rates while accounting for imperfect host and pathogen detection. We also offer a perspective on future research directions at the intersection of quantitative and disease ecology, including the estimation of false positives in pathogen presence, spatially-explicit disease-structured N-mixture models, and the integration of other data types with count data to inform disease dynamics.
Code and Data - Link to repo
DiRenzo_etal_2018_EcoApps
Eco-evolutionary rescue promotes host-pathogen coexistence
Citation - DiRenzo G.V., Zipkin E.F., Grant E.H.C., Royle J.A., Longo A.V., Zamudio K.R., and Lips K.R. (2018) Eco-evolutionary rescue promotes host-pathogen coexistence. Ecological Applications. DOI: 10.1002/eap.1792
Abstract - Using a novel disease-structured N-mixture model, we evaluate empirical support for three host-pathogen coexistence hypotheses (source-sink, eco-evolutionary rescue, and spatial variation in pathogen transmission) in a Neotropical amphibian community decimated by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (i.e. chydrid fungus) six years earlier. We found that the primary driver of host-pathogen coexistence was eco-evolutionary rescue, as evidenced by the similar amphibian survival and recruitment rates between infected and uninfected hosts.
Code and Data - Link to repo
Saunders_etal_2018_Ecography
Local and cross-seasonal associations of climate and land use with abundance of monarch butterflies Danaus plexippus
Citation - Saunders S.P., Ries L., Oberhauser K.S., Thogmartin W.E., and Zipkin E.F. (2018) Local and cross‐seasonal associations of climate and land use with abundance of monarch butterflies. Ecography. DOI: 10.1111/ecog.02719
Abstract - We modeled site-specific summer abundance of monarch butterflies
at sites across Illinois to assess relative associations of monarch abundance with
climate and land use variables during the winter, spring, and summer stages of their annual cycle. We estimate
abundance as a function of local climate, site-specific crop cover, and county-level herbicide application as well as cross-seasonal covariates, including annual abundance of wintering monarchs in Mexico and climate conditions during spring migration and breeding in Texas.
Code and Data - Link to repo
Rossman_etal_2016_Ecology
Dynamic N-occupancy models: estimating demographic rates and local abundance from detection-nondetection data
Citation - Rossman S., Yackulic C.B., Saunders S.P., Reid J., Davis R., and Zipkin E.F. (2016) Dynamic N-occupancy models: estimating demographic rates and local abundance from detection-nondetection data. Ecology. DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1598
Abstract - We introduce a new model (“Dynamic N-occupancy model”) capable of providing accurate estimates of local abundance,
population gains, and survival probabilities while accounting for imperfect detection using only
detection-nondetection data. We examine the data
requirements, including the number of years and survey sites needed, for unbiased and precise estimation of parameters. We apply
our model to estimate spatio-temporal heterogeneity in abundances of barred owls within a recently invaded region in Oregon.
Code and Data - Link to repo
Saunders_etal_2016_GEB
Evaluating confidence in climate-based predictions of population change in a migratory species
Citation - Saunders S.P., Ries L., Oberhauser K.S., and Zipkin E.F. (2016) Evaluating confidence in climate-based predictions of population change in a migratory species. Global Ecology and Biogeography. DOI: 10.1111/geb.12461
Abstract - Using negative binomial regression models and relevant local and regional scale covariates,
we evaluate spatiotemporal synchrony between monarch butterflies in the two states (OH and IL). We also develop
a novel quantitative assessment approach to determine the temporal predictive strength of our model with
Bayesian P-values.
Code and Data - Link to repo
Zipkin_etal_2014_Ecology
Modeling structured population dynamics using data from unmarked individuals
Citation - Zipkin E.F., Thorson J.T., See K., Lynch H.J., Grant E.H.C., Kanno Y., Chandler R.B., Letcher B.H., and Royle J.A. (2014) Modeling structured population dynamics using data from unmarked individuals. Ecology. DOI: 10.1890/13-1131.1
Abstract - We extend N-mixture models to demonstrate how demographic parameters and abundance can be estimated for
structured populations using only stage-structured count data. We present a range of simulations to illustrate the data
requirements, including the number of years and locations necessary for accurate and precise parameter estimates. We apply
our modeling framework to a population of northern dusky salamanders in the mid-Atlantic region and find that the population
is unexpectedly declining.
Code and Data - Link to repo
Zipkin_etal_2014_EcolAndEvol
Inferences about population dynamics from count data using multistate models: a comparison to capture–recapture approaches
Citation - Zipkin E.F., Sillett T.S., Grant E.H.C., Chandler R.B., and Royle J.A. (2014) Inferences about population dynamics from count data using multistate models: a comparison to capture–recapture approaches. Ecology and Evolution. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.942
Abstract - We extend recently developed multistate, open population N-mixture model to account for the case where not
all individuals can be assigned to a state during sampling. Using only state-specific count data, we show how our model can be
used to estimate local population abundance, as well as density-dependent recruitment rates and state-specific survival in a
black-throated blue warbler population and compare our results to those estimated with capture–recapture data.
Code and Data - Link to repo
Community analyses
Disease structured N-Mixture models: a practical guide to model disease dynamics using count data
Citation - DiRenzo G.V., Che-Castaldo C., Saunders S.P., Grant E.H.C., and Zipkin E.F. (2019) Disease sturcutred N-Mixture models: a practical guide to model diesease dynamics using count data. Ecology and Evolution. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.48
Abstract - We review the challenges of modeling disease dynamics and describe how (disease-structured) N-mixture models can be used to estimate common metrics, including pathogen prevalence, transmission, and recovery rates while accounting for imperfect host and pathogen detection. We also offer a perspective on future research directions at the intersection of quantitative and disease ecology, including the estimation of false positives in pathogen presence, spatially-explicit disease-structured N-mixture models, and the integration of other data types with count data to inform disease dynamics.
Code and Data - Link to repo
Eco-evolutionary rescue promotes host-pathogen coexistence

Citation - DiRenzo G.V., Zipkin E.F., Grant E.H.C., Royle J.A., Longo A.V., Zamudio K.R., and Lips K.R. (2018) Eco-evolutionary rescue promotes host-pathogen coexistence. Ecological Applications. DOI: 10.1002/eap.1792
Abstract - Using a novel disease-structured N-mixture model, we evaluate empirical support for three host-pathogen coexistence hypotheses (source-sink, eco-evolutionary rescue, and spatial variation in pathogen transmission) in a Neotropical amphibian community decimated by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (i.e. chydrid fungus) six years earlier. We found that the primary driver of host-pathogen coexistence was eco-evolutionary rescue, as evidenced by the similar amphibian survival and recruitment rates between infected and uninfected hosts.
Code and Data - Link to repo
Local and cross-seasonal associations of climate and land use with abundance of monarch butterflies Danaus plexippus

Citation - Saunders S.P., Ries L., Oberhauser K.S., Thogmartin W.E., and Zipkin E.F. (2018) Local and cross‐seasonal associations of climate and land use with abundance of monarch butterflies. Ecography. DOI: 10.1111/ecog.02719
Abstract - We modeled site-specific summer abundance of monarch butterflies at sites across Illinois to assess relative associations of monarch abundance with climate and land use variables during the winter, spring, and summer stages of their annual cycle. We estimate abundance as a function of local climate, site-specific crop cover, and county-level herbicide application as well as cross-seasonal covariates, including annual abundance of wintering monarchs in Mexico and climate conditions during spring migration and breeding in Texas.
Code and Data - Link to repo
Dynamic N-occupancy models: estimating demographic rates and local abundance from detection-nondetection data

Citation - Rossman S., Yackulic C.B., Saunders S.P., Reid J., Davis R., and Zipkin E.F. (2016) Dynamic N-occupancy models: estimating demographic rates and local abundance from detection-nondetection data. Ecology. DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1598
Abstract - We introduce a new model (“Dynamic N-occupancy model”) capable of providing accurate estimates of local abundance, population gains, and survival probabilities while accounting for imperfect detection using only detection-nondetection data. We examine the data requirements, including the number of years and survey sites needed, for unbiased and precise estimation of parameters. We apply our model to estimate spatio-temporal heterogeneity in abundances of barred owls within a recently invaded region in Oregon.
Code and Data - Link to repo
Evaluating confidence in climate-based predictions of population change in a migratory species

Citation - Saunders S.P., Ries L., Oberhauser K.S., and Zipkin E.F. (2016) Evaluating confidence in climate-based predictions of population change in a migratory species. Global Ecology and Biogeography. DOI: 10.1111/geb.12461
Abstract - Using negative binomial regression models and relevant local and regional scale covariates, we evaluate spatiotemporal synchrony between monarch butterflies in the two states (OH and IL). We also develop a novel quantitative assessment approach to determine the temporal predictive strength of our model with Bayesian P-values.
Code and Data - Link to repo
Modeling structured population dynamics using data from unmarked individuals

Citation - Zipkin E.F., Thorson J.T., See K., Lynch H.J., Grant E.H.C., Kanno Y., Chandler R.B., Letcher B.H., and Royle J.A. (2014) Modeling structured population dynamics using data from unmarked individuals. Ecology. DOI: 10.1890/13-1131.1
Abstract - We extend N-mixture models to demonstrate how demographic parameters and abundance can be estimated for structured populations using only stage-structured count data. We present a range of simulations to illustrate the data requirements, including the number of years and locations necessary for accurate and precise parameter estimates. We apply our modeling framework to a population of northern dusky salamanders in the mid-Atlantic region and find that the population is unexpectedly declining.
Code and Data - Link to repo
Inferences about population dynamics from count data using multistate models: a comparison to capture–recapture approaches

Citation - Zipkin E.F., Sillett T.S., Grant E.H.C., Chandler R.B., and Royle J.A. (2014) Inferences about population dynamics from count data using multistate models: a comparison to capture–recapture approaches. Ecology and Evolution. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.942
Abstract - We extend recently developed multistate, open population N-mixture model to account for the case where not all individuals can be assigned to a state during sampling. Using only state-specific count data, we show how our model can be used to estimate local population abundance, as well as density-dependent recruitment rates and state-specific survival in a black-throated blue warbler population and compare our results to those estimated with capture–recapture data.
Code and Data - Link to repo
Assessing the impacts of climate and habitat on communities of species is increasingly important as abiotic conditions continue to change. Yet, most data collection techniques do not produce enough data for analyses on a majority of species observed during sampling. We develop multi-species models to estimate the effects of environmental covariates on all species within a community, including those that are rare or elusive.
Wright_etal_2020_LandEcol | Zipkin_etal_2020_Science | Farr_etal_2019_EcoApps | Brodie_etal_2018_Biotr |Ribeiro_etal_2018_EcoApps | Example model code
Wright_etal_2020_LandEcol
A hierarchical analysis of habitat area, connectivity, and quality on amphibian diversity across spatial scales

Citation - Wright A.D., Grant E.H.C., and Zipkin E.F. (2020) A hierarchical analysis of habitat area, connectivity, and quality on amphibian diversity across spatial scales. Landscape Ecology. DOI: 10.1007/s10980-019-00963-z
Abstract - We developed a multi-region community occupancy model to analyze 13 years of amphibian monitoring data within the National Capital Region, a network of U.S. National Parks. To examine the influence of fragmentation on biodiversity across scales, we (1) estimated the effects of habitat area, connectivity, and quality at both local (i.e. community) and regional (i.e. metacommunity) scales; and (2) evaluated the direction, magnitude, and precision of these estimates at both spatial scales. Our hierarchical framework can help managers and policymakers elucidate the relevant spatial scale(s) to target conservation efforts.
Code and Data - Link to repo
Zipkin_etal_2020_Science
Tropical snake diversity collapses after widespread amphibian loss

Citation - Zipkin E.F., DiRenzo G.V., Ray J.M., Rossman S., and Lips K.R. (2020) Tropical snake diversity collapses after widespread amphibian loss. Science. DOI: 10.1126/science.aay5733
Abstract - We document the collapse of a snake community after an epizootic lead to the catastrophic loss of amphibians, a food source for snakes. Following mass mortality of amphibians, the snake community contained fewer species and was more homogeneous across the study site with several species in poorer body condition, despite no other systematic changes in the environment. The demise of the snake community demonstrates the repercussive consequences of the biodiversity crisis and calls attention to the invisible declines of rare and data deficient species.
Code and Data - Link to repo
Farr_etal_2019_EcoApps
Multi-species modeling reveals variable responses of African carnivores to management alternatives and anthropogenic disturbance

Citation - Farr M.T., Green D.S., Holekamp K.E., Roloff G.J., and E.F. Zipkin (2019) Multi-species modeling reveals variable responses of African carnivores to management alternatives and anthropogenic disturbance. Ecological Applications. DOI: 10.1002/eap.1845
Abstract - Using a hierarchical multi-species modeling approach, we examined the effects of alternative management strategies (active vs. passive enforcement of regulations) on carnivore abundances and group sizes at both species and community levels in the Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya. We estimated the effects of management regime on abundance and group size for 11 observed carnivore species at both species and community levels.
Code and Data - Link to repo
Brodie_etal_2018_Biotropica
Models for assessing local‐scale co‐abundance of animal species while accounting for differential detectability and varied responses to the environment

Citation - Brodie J.F., Helmy O.E., Mohd-Azlan J., Granados A., Bernard H., Giordano A.J., and Zipkin E.F. (2018) Models for assessing local‐scale co‐abundance of animal species while accounting for differential detectability and varied responses to the environment. Biotropica. DOI: 10.1111/btp.12500
Abstract - We developed a modeling framework to assess how the local abundance of one species influences the local abundance of a potential competitor while explicitly accounting for differential responses to environmental conditions. Our models also incorporate imperfect detection as well as abundance estimation error for both species. We applied the model to four pairs of mammal species in Borneo (civet, macaque, muntjac deer, and porcupine), surveyed by extensive and spatially widespread camera trapping.
Code and Data - Link to repo
Ribeiro_etal_2018_EcoApps
Effects of agriculture and topography on tropical amphibian species and communities

Citation - Ribeiro Jr. J.W., Siqueira T., Brejão G.L., and Zipkin E.F. (2018) Effects of agriculture and topography on tropical amphibian species and communities. Ecological Applications. DOI: 10.1002/eap.1741
Abstract - We quantify the response of amphibian species to landscape-scale characteristics in streams within the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We developed a hierarchical community occupancy model to quantify the influence of landscape-scale characteristics (forest cover, agriculture, catchment area, stream density and slope) on amphibian occurrence while accounting for imperfect detection using two survey methods (an active and a passive approach). Our findings suggest that small streams and flat topography lead to higher amphibian occurrence probabilities for many species.
Code and Data - Link to repo
Example model code
Hierarchical community model example model and code
Based on work from Zipkin et al. 2010

Citation - Zipkin E.F., Royle J.A., Dawson D.K., and Bates S. (2010) Multi-species occurrence models to evaluate the effects of conservation and management actions. Biological Conservation. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2009.11.016
Abstract - The hierarchical community model is a multi-species approach to obtain community information, such as species or assemblage richness, by estimating individual species occurrence and detection probabilities. We provide example code and data based off of Zipkin et al. 2010 (Biological Conservation) to demonstrate how to implement multi-species hierarchical models with and without covariates.
Other modeling projects
This section includes analyses and models that fall outside the subject range of the other headers.
Bahlai_Zipkin_2020_PLOSComputBiol | Green_etal_2019_PTRS | Sussman_etal_2019_MEE | Rossman_etal_2016_EcolAndEvol
Bahlai_Zipkin_2020_PLOSComputBiol
The Dynamic Shift Detector: An algorithm to identify changes in parameter values governing populations
Citation - Bahlai C.A. and Zipkin E.F. (2020) The Dynamic Shift Detector: An algorithm to identify changes in parameter values governing populations. PLOS Computational Biology. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007542
Abstract - The “Dynamic Shift Detector” is an algorithm to identify changes in parameter values governing temporal fluctuations in populations with nonlinear dynamics. It uses an iterative approach to fitting subsets of time series data, then ranks the fit of break point combinations using model selection, assigning a relative weight to each break. In this paper, we examined the performance of the Dynamic Shift Detector with simulations and two case studies: one examining an invading populuation and the other focused on a declining population.
Code and Data - Link to repo
Green_etal_2019_PTRS
Can hyena behaviour provide information on abundances of sympatric carnivores?
Citation - Green D.S.*, Farr M.T.*, Holekamp, K.E., and Zipkin E.F. (2019) Can hyena behaviour provide information on population trends of sympatric carnivores? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0052
*Authors contributed equally.
Abstract - We inquire whether hyena behaviours correlate with changes in abundance of hyenas or other carnivore species in the Masai Mara National Reserve (Kenya). We find that changes in spotted hyena behaviour in disturbed areas can be linked to changes in their demography (vignette 1) and that declines in lion–hyena interactions may be caused by competitive release of hyenas from declining lion abundance (vignette 2). We also demonstrate that in some cases, hyena behaviour and demography is linked to the density and distribution of sympatric carnivores species (vignettes 3 and 4).
Code and Data - Link to repo
Sussman_etal_2019_MEE
A comparative analysis of common methods to identify waterbird hotspots
Citation - Sussman A.L., Gardner B., Adams E.M., Salas L., Kenow K.P., Luukkonen D.R., Monfils M.J., Mueller W.P., Williams K.A., Leduc-Lapierre M., and Zipkin E.F. (2019) A comparative analysis of common methods to identify waterbird hotspots. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. DOI: 10.1111/2041-210X.13209
Abstract - Identification of biodiversity "hotspots" is subjective and various methods can lead to different conclusions. We present the results of a comparative analysis of recent approaches (kernel density estimation, Getis-Ord Gi*, hotspot persistence, and hotspots conditional on presence) for identifying waterbird hotspots. We applied each of the methods to aerial-survey waterbird count data collected in the Great Lakes. Our results indicate that formal hotspot analysis frameworks do not always lead to the same conclusions.
Code and Data - Link to repo
Rossman_etal_2016_EcolAndEvol
Beyond carbon and nitrogen: guidelines for estimating three-dimensional isotopic niche space
Citation - Rossman S., Ostrom P.H., Gordon F., and Zipkin E.F. (2016) Beyond carbon and nitrogen: guidelines for estimating three‐dimensional isotopic niche space. Ecology and Evolution. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.942
Abstract - We present an approach to extend the two dimensional ellipse niche model into three dimensions to estimate significant features of a population's isotopic niche space including: 1) niche volume, 2) relative centroid location, 3) shape, 4) area of overlap between multiple ellipsoids and 5) distance between centroids. We conducted a simulation study showing the accuracy and precision of three dimensional niche models across a range of values and apply the approach to three bottlenose dolphin populations.
Code and Data - Link to repo
Outreach activities
The Dynamic Shift Detector: An algorithm to identify changes in parameter values governing populations
Citation - Bahlai C.A. and Zipkin E.F. (2020) The Dynamic Shift Detector: An algorithm to identify changes in parameter values governing populations. PLOS Computational Biology. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007542
Abstract - The “Dynamic Shift Detector” is an algorithm to identify changes in parameter values governing temporal fluctuations in populations with nonlinear dynamics. It uses an iterative approach to fitting subsets of time series data, then ranks the fit of break point combinations using model selection, assigning a relative weight to each break. In this paper, we examined the performance of the Dynamic Shift Detector with simulations and two case studies: one examining an invading populuation and the other focused on a declining population.
Code and Data - Link to repo
Can hyena behaviour provide information on abundances of sympatric carnivores?

Citation - Green D.S.*, Farr M.T.*, Holekamp, K.E., and Zipkin E.F. (2019) Can hyena behaviour provide information on population trends of sympatric carnivores? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0052 *Authors contributed equally.
Abstract - We inquire whether hyena behaviours correlate with changes in abundance of hyenas or other carnivore species in the Masai Mara National Reserve (Kenya). We find that changes in spotted hyena behaviour in disturbed areas can be linked to changes in their demography (vignette 1) and that declines in lion–hyena interactions may be caused by competitive release of hyenas from declining lion abundance (vignette 2). We also demonstrate that in some cases, hyena behaviour and demography is linked to the density and distribution of sympatric carnivores species (vignettes 3 and 4).
Code and Data - Link to repo
A comparative analysis of common methods to identify waterbird hotspots

Citation - Sussman A.L., Gardner B., Adams E.M., Salas L., Kenow K.P., Luukkonen D.R., Monfils M.J., Mueller W.P., Williams K.A., Leduc-Lapierre M., and Zipkin E.F. (2019) A comparative analysis of common methods to identify waterbird hotspots. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. DOI: 10.1111/2041-210X.13209
Abstract - Identification of biodiversity "hotspots" is subjective and various methods can lead to different conclusions. We present the results of a comparative analysis of recent approaches (kernel density estimation, Getis-Ord Gi*, hotspot persistence, and hotspots conditional on presence) for identifying waterbird hotspots. We applied each of the methods to aerial-survey waterbird count data collected in the Great Lakes. Our results indicate that formal hotspot analysis frameworks do not always lead to the same conclusions.
Code and Data - Link to repo
Beyond carbon and nitrogen: guidelines for estimating three-dimensional isotopic niche space

Citation - Rossman S., Ostrom P.H., Gordon F., and Zipkin E.F. (2016) Beyond carbon and nitrogen: guidelines for estimating three‐dimensional isotopic niche space. Ecology and Evolution. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.942
Abstract - We present an approach to extend the two dimensional ellipse niche model into three dimensions to estimate significant features of a population's isotopic niche space including: 1) niche volume, 2) relative centroid location, 3) shape, 4) area of overlap between multiple ellipsoids and 5) distance between centroids. We conducted a simulation study showing the accuracy and precision of three dimensional niche models across a range of values and apply the approach to three bottlenose dolphin populations.
Code and Data - Link to repo
We develop modules to share our research (and love of science!) with the public. The objective of our outreach activities are to enhance awareness of our research findings and demonstrate the value of statistics, mathematics, and coding in ecology through interactive activities.
Math & Monarchs
Math & Monarchs
Math & Monarchs
Module for MSU's Middle School Girls Math and Science Day
With this activity, participants will learn about monarch butterfly biology and how math models can help understand the many threats to their population. Students can examine how the monarch population may increase or decrease through a hands-on modeling experience, which allows users to adjust the amount of plant resources on the landscape, climate conditions, and other environmental variables. Watch the model results appear on your computer screen!
This activity was created strictly for educational purposes. It is NOT meant to make real-world predictions nor should it be used to inform management. Monarch data (1994-2016) were taken from the annual winter colony counts, collected by the World Wildlife Fund - Mexico.
Code - Link to code and materials
Shiny App - Link to web module
More information
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Licensing
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Although we endeavor to make all our supporting materials publicly available, some of our analyses rely on proprietary data created by others. In these cases, please contact us or the original data creator to gain access to these data.
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How to use this code archive
All of the materials made available here are freely usable, with attribution. If you like our work or are building on something we've done, please let us know! You can submit corrections as an issue or a pull request to this repo.
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About this page
This wepage design was developed by Mozilla staff for the Working Open Workshop series and adapted by Christie Bahlai. It is maintained by members of the Zipkin Lab.