Citation - Zylstra, E.R, Neupane, N., and Zipkin E.F. (2022) Multi-season climate projections forecast declines in migratory monarch butterflies. Global Change Biology. DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16349

Abstract - We combined a model for the eastern monarch population with climate projections to evaluate how monarchs are likely to respond to a range of potential scenarios over the next century. Our results reveal that forecasted changes in breeding-season climate are likely to lead to decreases in the size of the overwintering monarch population and shifts in the summer distribution of monarchs. Although climate uncertainties dominate long-term population forecasts, near-term forecasts can be improved by collecting targeted data to better understand relationships between climate variables and local monarch abundance.

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - Doser J.W., Finley A.O., Weed A.S., and Zipkin E.F. (2021) Integrating automated acoustic vocalization data and point count surveys for estimation of bird abundance. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. DOI: 10.1111/2041-210X.13578

Abstract - We develop an integrated modelling framework that combines bird point count survey data with acoustic recordings. Simulations revealed that combining acoustic and point count data improves accuracy and precision of abundance estimates compared to models using only one of these data types. Our case study revealed moderate support for a decline of the Eastern Wood-Pewee in VT, USA. Our integrated modelling approach combined dense acoustic data with fewer point count surveys to deliver reliable estimates of species abundance without the need for manual identification of acoustic vocalizations or a large number of repeated point count surveys.

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - Farr M.T., Green D.S., Holekamp K.E., and Zipkin E.F. (2021) Integrating distance sampling and presence‐only data to estimate species abundance. Ecology. DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3204

Abstract - We developed an integrated point process model to combine presence‐only and distance sampling data for estimation of spatially‐explicit abundance patterns. Simulations across a range of parameter values demonstrate that our model can recover estimates of biological covariates, but parameter accuracy and precision varied with the quantity of each data type. We applied our model to a case study of black‐backed jackals in the Masai Mara (Kenya) to evaluate the effects of environmental covariates and anthropogenic disturbance on abundance across the Reserve.

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - Zylstra E.R., Ries L., Neupane N., Saunders S.P., Ramírez M.I., Rendón-Salinas E., Oberhauser K.S., Farr M.T., and Zipkin E.F. (2021) Changes in climate drive recent monarch butterfly dynamics. Nature Ecology and Evolution. DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01504-1

Abstract - We use a hierarchical modeling approach, combining data from >18,000 systematic surveys to evaluate support for three hypotheses explaining monarch butterfly declines (loss of milkweed host plants from increased herbicide use, mortality during autumn migration and/or early-winter resettlement, and changes in breeding-season climate). Between 2004–2018, breeding-season weather was nearly seven times more important than other factors in explaining variation in summer population size, which was positively associated with the size of the subsequent overwintering population.

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - Saunders S.P., Ries L., Neupane N., Ramirez M.I., Garcia-Serrano E., Rendon-Salinas E., and Zipkin E.F. (2019) Multiscale seasonal factors drive the size of winter monarch colonies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805114116

Abstract - We used a multiscale modeling approach to address whether conditions during autumn migration contributed to the decline of the eastern monarch butterfly population from 2004-2015. Our results suggest that environmental factors during — and at the culmination of — autumn migration, combined with summer population size, explain a substantial portion of temporal variation in monarch population dynamics during a time frame after which other major putative sources of mortality (host plant and winter habitat loss) have lessened considerably.

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - Saunders S.P., Farr M.T., Wright A.D., Bahlai, C.A., Ribeiro J.W., Rossman S., Sussman A.L., Arnold T.W., and Zipkin E.F. (2019) Disentangling data discrepancies with integrated population models. Ecology. DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2714

Abstract - We develop an integrated population model to address dataset discrepancies that stem from spatiotemporal variability. As a case study, we present an analysis of a migratory species, the American woodcock, in which individual monitoring programs suggest differing population trends. To address this discrepancy, we synthesized several long-term datasets within an integrated modeling framework to estimate population trends, and link dynamic drivers across the full annual cycle and geographic extent of the species.

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - Saunders S.P., Cuthbert F.J., and Zipkin E.F. (2018) Evaluating population viability and efficacy of conservation management using integrated population models. Journal of Applied Ecology. DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13080

Abstract - We developed a coupled integrated population model-Bayesian population viability analysis (IPM-BPVA) to assess the (i) impact of demographic rates (survival, fecundity, immigration) on past population dynamics; (ii) population viability 10 years into the future; and (iii) efficacy of possible management strategies for the federally endangered Great Lakes piping plover population.

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - Zipkin E.F., Rossman S., Yackulic C.B., Wiens J.D., Thorson J.T., Davis R.J., and Grant E.H.C. (2017) Integrating count and detection–nondetection data to model population dynamics. Ecology. DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1831

Abstract - We present a modeling framework for integrating detection–nondetection and count data to estimate population dynamics and abundance. We develop a series of simulations illustrating the relative value of count vs. detection–nondetection data. We also provide an empirical example of the model combining long-term detection–nondetection data with newly collected count data from a population of barred owls in the Pacific Northwest to examine the factors influencing population abundance over time.

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - Doser J.W., Leuenberger, W., Sillet, T.S., Hallworth, M.T., and Zipkin E.F. (2022) Integrated community occupancy models: A framework to assess occurrence and biodiversity dynamics using multiple data sources. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. DOI: 10.1111/2041-210X.13811

Abstract - We present an "integrated community occupancy model" (ICOM) that unites principles of data integration and hierarchical community modeling to provide inferences on species-specific and community occurrence dynamics using multiple data sources. Using simulations and a case study, we show that the ICOM provides more precise estimates of occurrence dynamics compared to multi-species models using single data sources or integrated single-species models, offering an attractive approach to estimate species and biodiversity metrics.

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - Farr M.T., O'Brien, T., Yackulic, C.B., and Zipkin E.F. (2022) Quantifying the conservation status and abundance trends of wildlife communities with detection-nondetection data. Conservation Biology. DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13934

Abstract - We developed a "multispecies dynamic N-occupancy model" using detection-nondetection data to estimate abundance and demographic rate parameters at species- and community-levels. To validate our model, we conducted a simulation study and found that our multispecies model outperformed comparable single-species models in many cases. We apply our model to a case study using camera trap data across tropical equatorial Africa to evaluate the statuses and trends of a forest-dwelling antelope community.

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - DiRenzo G.V., Che-Castaldo C., Saunders S.P., Grant E.H.C., and Zipkin E.F. (2019) Disease sturcutred N-Mixture models: a practical guide to model disease dynamics using count data. Ecology and Evolution. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.48

Abstract - We review the challenges of modeling disease dynamics and describe how (disease-structured) N-mixture models can be used to estimate common metrics, including pathogen prevalence, transmission, and recovery rates while accounting for imperfect host and pathogen detection. We also offer a perspective on future research directions at the intersection of quantitative and disease ecology, including the estimation of false positives in pathogen presence, spatially-explicit disease-structured N-mixture models, and the integration of other data types with count data to inform disease dynamics.

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - DiRenzo G.V., Zipkin E.F., Grant E.H.C., Royle J.A., Longo A.V., Zamudio K.R., and Lips K.R. (2018) Eco-evolutionary rescue promotes host-pathogen coexistence. Ecological Applications. DOI: 10.1002/eap.1792

Abstract - Using a novel disease-structured N-mixture model, we evaluate empirical support for three host-pathogen coexistence hypotheses (source-sink, eco-evolutionary rescue, and spatial variation in pathogen transmission) in a Neotropical amphibian community decimated by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (i.e. chydrid fungus) six years earlier. We found that the primary driver of host-pathogen coexistence was eco-evolutionary rescue, as evidenced by the similar amphibian survival and recruitment rates between infected and uninfected hosts.

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - Saunders S.P., Ries L., Oberhauser K.S., Thogmartin W.E., and Zipkin E.F. (2018) Local and cross‐seasonal associations of climate and land use with abundance of monarch butterflies. Ecography. DOI: 10.1111/ecog.02719

Abstract - We modeled site-specific summer abundance of monarch butterflies at sites across Illinois to assess relative associations of monarch abundance with climate and land use variables during the winter, spring, and summer stages of their annual cycle. We estimate abundance as a function of local climate, site-specific crop cover, and county-level herbicide application as well as cross-seasonal covariates, including annual abundance of wintering monarchs in Mexico and climate conditions during spring migration and breeding in Texas.

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - Rossman S., Yackulic C.B., Saunders S.P., Reid J., Davis R., and Zipkin E.F. (2016) Dynamic N-occupancy models: estimating demographic rates and local abundance from detection-nondetection data. Ecology. DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1598

Abstract - We introduce a new model (“Dynamic N-occupancy model”) capable of providing accurate estimates of local abundance, population gains, and survival probabilities while accounting for imperfect detection using only detection-nondetection data. We examine the data requirements, including the number of years and survey sites needed, for unbiased and precise estimation of parameters. We apply our model to estimate spatio-temporal heterogeneity in abundances of barred owls within a recently invaded region in Oregon.

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - Saunders S.P., Ries L., Oberhauser K.S., and Zipkin E.F. (2016) Evaluating confidence in climate-based predictions of population change in a migratory species. Global Ecology and Biogeography. DOI: 10.1111/geb.12461

Abstract - Using negative binomial regression models and relevant local and regional scale covariates, we evaluate spatiotemporal synchrony between monarch butterflies in the two states (OH and IL). We also develop a novel quantitative assessment approach to determine the temporal predictive strength of our model with Bayesian P-values.

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - Zipkin E.F., Thorson J.T., See K., Lynch H.J., Grant E.H.C., Kanno Y., Chandler R.B., Letcher B.H., and Royle J.A. (2014) Modeling structured population dynamics using data from unmarked individuals. Ecology. DOI: 10.1890/13-1131.1

Abstract - We extend N-mixture models to demonstrate how demographic parameters and abundance can be estimated for structured populations using only stage-structured count data. We present a range of simulations to illustrate the data requirements, including the number of years and locations necessary for accurate and precise parameter estimates. We apply our modeling framework to a population of northern dusky salamanders in the mid-Atlantic region and find that the population is unexpectedly declining.

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - Zipkin E.F., Sillett T.S., Grant E.H.C., Chandler R.B., and Royle J.A. (2014) Inferences about population dynamics from count data using multistate models: a comparison to capture–recapture approaches. Ecology and Evolution. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.942

Abstract - We extend recently developed multistate, open population N-mixture model to account for the case where not all individuals can be assigned to a state during sampling. Using only state-specific count data, we show how our model can be used to estimate local population abundance, as well as density-dependent recruitment rates and state-specific survival in a black-throated blue warbler population and compare our results to those estimated with capture–recapture data.

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - Cabodevilla X., Wright A.D., Villanua D., Arroyo B., and Zipkin E.F. (2022) The implementation of irrigation leads to declines in farmland birds. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2021.1077011

Abstract - We evaluated the impact of irrigation on bird species occurrence patterns using a Before-After Control-Impact design. We analyzed a 13-year dataset within an agricultural area in northern Spain using a hierarchical multi-species occurrence model. Our findings suggest that irrigation can lead to substantial changes in local bird communities, with less diversity and fewer farmland species.

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - Wright A.D., Campbell Grant, E.H., and Zipkin E.F. (2022) A comparison of monitoring designs to assess wildlife community parameters across spatial scales. Ecological Applications. DOI: 10.1002/eap.2621

Abstract - Using an amphibian monitoring program that spans a network of U.S. National Parks as a motivating example, we evaluated and compared the ability of five monitoring designs - stratified random, weighted effort, indicator unit, rotating panel, and split panel - to recover parameter values that describe the status (occupancy), trends (change in occupancy), and drivers (spatially-varying covariate and an autologistic term) of wildlife communities at two spatial scales.

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - Doser J.W., Weed A.S, Zipkin E.F., Miller K.M., and Finley A.O. (2021) Trends in bird abundance differ among protected forests but not bird guilds. Ecological Applications. DOI: 10.1002/eap.2377

Abstract - We developed a multi-species, multi-region removal sampling model that shares information across species and parks to enable inference on rare species and sparsely sampled parks. Using the model, we assessed abundance trends for 106 bird species in a network of eight national park forests located within the northeast USA from 2006-2019 to evaluate the effects of local forest structure. Trends in bird abundance over time varied widely across parks, but species showed similar trends within parks.

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - Wright A.D., Grant E.H.C., and Zipkin E.F. (2020) A hierarchical analysis of habitat area, connectivity, and quality on amphibian diversity across spatial scales. Landscape Ecology. DOI: 10.1007/s10980-019-00963-z

Abstract - We developed a multi-region community occupancy model to analyze 13 years of amphibian monitoring data within the National Capital Region, a network of U.S. National Parks. To examine the influence of fragmentation on biodiversity across scales, we (1) estimated the effects of habitat area, connectivity, and quality at both local (i.e. community) and regional (i.e. metacommunity) scales; and (2) evaluated the direction, magnitude, and precision of these estimates at both spatial scales. Our hierarchical framework can help managers and policymakers elucidate the relevant spatial scale(s) to target conservation efforts.

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - Zipkin E.F., DiRenzo G.V., Ray J.M., Rossman S., and Lips K.R. (2020) Tropical snake diversity collapses after widespread amphibian loss. Science. DOI: 10.1126/science.aay5733

Abstract - We document the collapse of a snake community after an epizootic lead to the catastrophic loss of amphibians, a food source for snakes. Following mass mortality of amphibians, the snake community contained fewer species and was more homogeneous across the study site with several species in poorer body condition, despite no other systematic changes in the environment. The demise of the snake community demonstrates the repercussive consequences of the biodiversity crisis and calls attention to the invisible declines of rare and data deficient species.

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - Farr M.T., Green D.S., Holekamp K.E., Roloff G.J., and Zipkin E.F. (2019) Multi-species modeling reveals variable responses of African carnivores to management alternatives and anthropogenic disturbance. Ecological Applications. DOI: 10.1002/eap.1845

Abstract - Using a hierarchical multi-species modeling approach, we examined the effects of alternative management strategies (active vs. passive enforcement of regulations) on carnivore abundances and group sizes at both species and community levels in the Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya. We estimated the effects of management regime on abundance and group size for 11 observed carnivore species at both species and community levels.

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - Brodie J.F., Helmy O.E., Mohd-Azlan J., Granados A., Bernard H., Giordano A.J., and Zipkin E.F. (2018) Models for assessing local‐scale co‐abundance of animal species while accounting for differential detectability and varied responses to the environment. Biotropica. DOI: 10.1111/btp.12500

Abstract - We developed a modeling framework to assess how the local abundance of one species influences the local abundance of a potential competitor while explicitly accounting for differential responses to environmental conditions. Our models also incorporate imperfect detection as well as abundance estimation error for both species. We applied the model to four pairs of mammal species in Borneo (civet, macaque, muntjac deer, and porcupine), surveyed by extensive and spatially widespread camera trapping.

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - Ribeiro Jr. J.W., Siqueira T., Brejão G.L., and Zipkin E.F. (2018) Effects of agriculture and topography on tropical amphibian species and communities. Ecological Applications. DOI: 10.1002/eap.1741

Abstract - We quantify the response of amphibian species to landscape-scale characteristics in streams within the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We developed a hierarchical community occupancy model to quantify the influence of landscape-scale characteristics (forest cover, agriculture, catchment area, stream density and slope) on amphibian occurrence while accounting for imperfect detection using two survey methods (an active and a passive approach). Our findings suggest that small streams and flat topography lead to higher amphibian occurrence probabilities for many species.

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - Zipkin E.F., Royle J.A., Dawson D.K., and Bates S. (2010) Multi-species occurrence models to evaluate the effects of conservation and management actions. Biological Conservation. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2009.11.016

Abstract - The hierarchical community model is a multi-species approach to obtain community information, such as species or assemblage richness, by estimating individual species occurrence and detection probabilities. We provide example code and data based off of Zipkin et al. 2010 (Biological Conservation) to demonstrate how to implement multi-species hierarchical models with and without covariates.

Code - Basic model code
Covariate model code

Citation - Davis K.L., Silverman E.D., Sussman A.L., Wilson R.R., and Zipkin E.F. (2022) Errors in aerial survey count data: Identifying pitfalls and solutions. Ecology and Evolution. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8733

Abstract - Aerial surveys are an efficient survey platform for surveying wildlife population across large spatial extents; however, problems common to aerial survey data collection can act to bias inferences. Through an extensive review of the aerial survey literature and a case study focused on waterbird data, we evaluated how common problems encountered in the data (including non-detection, counting error, and species misidentification) can manifest, the potential difficulties conferred, and the history of how these challenges have been addressed. Our results illustrate how each issue can act to bias inferences, highlighting the importance of considering individual methods for mitigating potential problems separately during survey design and analysis.

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - Doser J.W., Finley, A.O., Kéry, M., and Zipkin E.F. (2022) spOccupancy: An R package for single-species, multi-species, and integrated spatial occupancy models. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. DOI: 10.1111/2041-210X.13897

Abstract - The spOccupancy package provides a user-friendly platform to fit a variety of single and multi-species occupancy models, making it straightforward to address detection biases and spatial autocorrelation in species distribution models using detection-nondetection data sets. spOccupancy contains functions for data simulation, model fitting, model validation (by posterior predictive checks), model comparison (using information criteria and k-fold cross-validation), and out-of-sample prediction.

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - Bahlai C.A. and Zipkin E.F. (2020) The Dynamic Shift Detector: An algorithm to identify changes in parameter values governing populations. PLOS Computational Biology. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007542

Abstract - The “Dynamic Shift Detector” is an algorithm to identify changes in parameter values governing temporal fluctuations in populations with nonlinear dynamics. It uses an iterative approach to fitting subsets of time series data, then ranks the fit of break point combinations using model selection, assigning a relative weight to each break. In this paper, we examined the performance of the Dynamic Shift Detector with simulations and two case studies: one examining an invading populuation and the other focused on a declining population.

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - Green D.S.*, Farr M.T.*, Holekamp K.E., and Zipkin E.F. (2019) Can hyena behaviour provide information on population trends of sympatric carnivores? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0052 *Authors contributed equally.

Abstract - We inquire whether hyena behaviours correlate with changes in abundance of hyenas or other carnivore species in the Masai Mara National Reserve (Kenya). We find that changes in spotted hyena behaviour in disturbed areas can be linked to changes in their demography (vignette 1) and that declines in lion–hyena interactions may be caused by competitive release of hyenas from declining lion abundance (vignette 2). We also demonstrate that in some cases, hyena behaviour and demography is linked to the density and distribution of sympatric carnivores species (vignettes 3 and 4).

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - Sussman A.L., Gardner B., Adams E.M., Salas L., Kenow K.P., Luukkonen D.R., Monfils M.J., Mueller W.P., Williams K.A., Leduc-Lapierre M., and Zipkin E.F. (2019) A comparative analysis of common methods to identify waterbird hotspots. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. DOI: 10.1111/2041-210X.13209

Abstract - Identification of biodiversity "hotspots" is subjective and various methods can lead to different conclusions. We present the results of a comparative analysis of recent approaches (kernel density estimation, Getis-Ord Gi*, hotspot persistence, and hotspots conditional on presence) for identifying waterbird hotspots. We applied each of the methods to aerial-survey waterbird count data collected in the Great Lakes. Our results indicate that formal hotspot analysis frameworks do not always lead to the same conclusions.

Code and Data - Link to repo

Citation - Rossman S., Ostrom P.H., Gordon F., and Zipkin E.F. (2016) Beyond carbon and nitrogen: guidelines for estimating three‐dimensional isotopic niche space. Ecology and Evolution. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.942

Abstract - We present an approach to extend the two dimensional ellipse niche model into three dimensions to estimate significant features of a population's isotopic niche space including: 1) niche volume, 2) relative centroid location, 3) shape, 4) area of overlap between multiple ellipsoids and 5) distance between centroids. We conducted a simulation study showing the accuracy and precision of three dimensional niche models across a range of values and apply the approach to three bottlenose dolphin populations.

Code and Data - Link to repo

With this activity, participants will learn about monarch butterfly biology and how math models can help understand the many threats to their population. Students can examine how the monarch population may increase or decrease through a hands-on modeling experience, which allows users to adjust the amount of plant resources on the landscape, climate conditions, and other environmental variables. Watch the model results appear on your computer screen!

This activity was created strictly for educational purposes. It is NOT meant to make real-world predictions nor should it be used to inform management. Monarch data (1994-2016) were taken from the annual winter colony counts, collected by the World Wildlife Fund - Mexico.

Code - Link to code and materials
Shiny App - Link to web module